A grand theory of contrastive rhetoric of the sort that kaplan envisioned may not be forthcoming but the following bibliography should provide the researcher interested in. This book synthesizes the findings of contrastive rhetoric research up to the mid1990s and explores its relationship with other disciplines such as composition, text linguistics, translation studies, and genre studies. It traces the history of contrastive approaches to the study of second language writing and explores interrelationships with other. Contrastive rhetoric and contrastive analysis are both fields of study in. The theory of contrastive rhetoric was first introduced by kaplan 1966 as a solution to the challenges learners experience in the organisational structures of a second language, also known as l2. The theory of contrastive rhetoric was first introduced by kaplan 1966 as a solution to the challenges learners experience in the organisational structures of. Contrastive analysis was used extensively in the field of second language acquisition sla in the 1960s and early 1970s, as a method of explaining why some features of a target language were more difficult to acquire than others.
In a brief description of the writing process, the questions of appropriate topics, acceptable evidence and effective organization are discussed and culturally. Implications for the current teaching of english writing at universities in japan ferred patterns of writing are genre dependent. Language and rhetoric reflect culture, and this video discusses argumentation strategies from around the world. A grand theory of contrastive rhetoric of the sort that kaplan envisioned may not be forthcoming but the following bibliography should provide the researcher interested in this area with a good start. These new directions involve innovative views of culture, literacy, and critical pedagogy and have a major impact on the research agenda of contrastive rhetoric. Qualifying claims about contrastive rhetoric carol severino joe essid assumes no responsibility for any hilarious, bawdy, or surreal errors introduced when this document was scanned. Raising students awareness of crosscultural contrastive. Such contrastive studies tend to lead to a normative, essentializing stance. This book undertakes a general framework within which to consider the complex nature of the writing task in english, both as a first, and as a second language. I am especially grateful to mohamed areef, kathy ohara, ludmila matiash, jayne traendley, and other research associates too numerous to mention whose work is reported on here. Toward critical contrastive rhetoric sciencedirect.
Students awareness of crosscultural contrastive rhetoric. Contrastive rhetoric began in 1966 as the result of a selfinitiated study of international students writing in english by kaplan, who then made the pronouncement that each language and each culture has a paragraph order unique to itself, and that part of the learning of a particular language is the mastery of its logical system kaplan, 1966. Cultural differences in writing have been studied extensively within the field of contrastive rhetoric cr since kaplans, 1966 study see connor, 1996, connor, 2002, connor, 2003 for overviews. On the other hand, there are several problems with kaplans theory. The early contrastive rhetoricbased pedagogy, however, uncritically accepted what some researchers e. The theory of contrastive rhetoric was first put forth by robert kaplan in the mid 1960s to explain the differences in writing and discourse between students who were native speakers of english and their international counterparts. This paper is critically concerned with the recent attempts in contrastive rhetoric cr to interpret the linguistic and rhetorical differences found in the academic discourses produced by anglophone and nonanglophone academic and research writers. Reaching to intercultural rhetoric ulla connor indiana university. Contrastive rhetoric is an area of research in second language acquisition that identifies problems in composition encountered by second language writers and, by referring to the rhetorical strategies of the first language, attempts to explain them. The cornerstone of contrastive rhetoric the theory of contrastive rhetoric was originated from the theory of linguistic relativity, called the sapirwhorf hypothesis of linguistic relativity or the whorfian hypothesis, which suggests that different languages affect perception and thought in different ways connor, 1996. Contrastive rhetoric is the study of how a persons first language and his or her culture influence writing in a second language or how a common language is used among different cultures. Exploring the dynamics of crosscultural collaboration in writing classrooms. Contrastive rhetoric wikimili, the free encyclopedia. Pdf contrastive rhetoric download read online free.
Kaplan 1996, 1997 claims that writing is a cultural phenomenon, and that. The volume explores varieties of writing, different purposes for learning to write extended text, and crosscultural variation among secondlanguage writers. In discussing early contrastive rhetoric connor, 1996, i. Contrastive rhetoric and genre analysis ellen barton, barbara dickson, and valerie kinloch ulla connor, contrastive rhetoric. According to the behaviourist theories prevailing at the time, language learning was a question of habit. Kaplan this chapter begins by discussing the concept and origins of the term contrastive rhetoric.
Research studies in second language writing and in contrastive rhetoric bambang yudi cahyono. It presents a comprehensive view of the research in this field, emphasizing the connections between contrastive rhetoric and the related disciplines of composition studies, cultural anthropology, translation studies, and text. Initiated almost thirty years ago by the american applied linguist robert kaplan, contrastive rhetoric maintains that. Framing this critique within a discourse view of language, culture and communication, this paper points to the need to go.
Colombo the contested place of cr studies for improperly grouping lan born within the frame of applied linguistics and secondlanguage acquisition, contrastive rhetoric cr is an interdisciplinary field that has led to some very productive. Chapter 2 contrastive rhetoric and studies of chinese and english. Initiated almost thirty years ago by the american applied linguist robert kaplan, contrastive rhetoric maintains that language and writing are. Kaplan in connor, 1996 reasserted that contrastive rhetoric was not meant as a teaching pedagogy but as a knowledge and awareness about differences in. An empirical demonstration of contrastive rhetoric. The education of composition teachers, tutors, and researchers about culturally influenced rhetorical differences in writing, or contrastive. The book is an introduction to the field of contrastive rhetoric, an area of research in second language learning that identifies learners problems in composition and attempts to explain them by referring to the rhetorical strategies of the first language. Liebman, 1992 call old con trastive rhetoric, while failing to evolve with the subsequent development of new contrastive rhetoric research. Contrastive rhetoric revisited and redefined book summary. Robert kaplans theory of contrastive rhetoric liemnathania. Chapter 2 contrastive rhetoric and studies of chinese and.
Kaplans 1966 first model of contrastive rhetoric, which was based on. So when i read about kaplans theory of contrastive rhetoric, it is an interesting concept to me personally. Contrastive rhetoric and the linguistic relativity hypothesis. Contrastive rhetoric contrastive rhetoric is the study of how a persons first language and culture influence hisher writing in a second language. Since 1966, when kaplan s original work on contrastive rhetoric appeared, and 1996, when ulla connors book on contrastive rhetoric reinvigorated interest in the area, new trends have appeared in research approaches and methods. Initiated 30 years ago in applied linguistics by robert kaplan, contrastive rhetoric is premised on the insight that, to the degree that language and writing are cultural. Another problem identified in traditional contrastive rhetoric lies in its using students l2 texts for the investigation of their l1 rhetoric kubota, 1992, 1997.
Cambridge core elt applied linguistics contrastive rhetoric by ulla m. Contrastive rhetoric has been growing since 1966 and nobody had taken care of setting down its theoretical foundations and its reserch methodology until ulla connor has done it. The focus are the role of first language conventions of discourse and rhetoric structure on second language usage, as well as cognitive and cultural dimensions of transfer, particularly in. Mainly the works of jacques derrida in the 1970s illustrating the differences in a words meanings in reference to other words around it is a significant. Concurrence with kaplan when the students agreed with kaplan for example, see sample. This volume explores the field of contrastive rhetoric, the study of how a persons first language and culture influence his or her writing in a second language. According to kaplan 1966, the contrastive analysis of rhetoric can help foreign language instructors to teach advanced learners how to write in another language. Kobayashi and rinnert 1996, or they describe what are believed to be li rhetorical practices and contrast them with those of the l2 grabe and kaplan 1996, li 1996, uzawa 1996. Contrastive rhetoric, started by robert kaplan 1966, is an area of research in second language acquisition that identifies problems in composition encountered by second language writers and, by referring to the rhetorical strategies of the first language, attempts to explain them connor, 1996. Since the initiation of contrastive rhetoric studies kaplan, 1966, 1972, students l2 essays in collegelevel academic contexts have been widely used for understanding their l1. Contrastive rhetoric and its recent studies semantic scholar. On one hand, i believe that his theory definitely has a face validity to teachers who have international students in their classes.
However, kaplan himself mentions the influence of sapirwhorf hypothesis kaplan, 1972 and uses the term the neowhorfian to refer to the underlying assumption of contrastive rhetoric kaplan, 1988, p. The role of chinese efl learners rhetorical strategy use. Kaplan in connor, 1996 reasserted that contrastive rhetoric was not meant as. Directions in contrastive rhetoric research university of reading. Pdf directions in contrastive rhetoric research researchgate. Like other titles in the cambridge applied linguistic series, contrastive rhetoric is clearly organised to allow both the lay teacher and the specialist in second language writing ease of access to specific information whilst also being a satisfying cover. Over the past three decades, contrastive rhetoric theory has been used primarily by linguists in. Contrastive rhetoric is an area of research in secondlanguage acquisition that identifies problems in composition encountered by secondlanguage writers and, by referring to the rhetorical strategies of the first language, attempts to explain them connor 1996. Over the past three decades, contrastive rhetoric theory has been used primarily. Preference for rhetorical structure depends on ones first language marcus taft, denisse kacanas, winnie huen, and ramony chan abstract english written texts were produced by a group of monolingual speakers, as well as chineseenglish and spanishenglish bilinguals. I then address criticisms of contrastive rhetoric and their relation to changing directions in the eld.
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